Visiting Mecca for the Ḥajj is an obligation upon all able Muslims. The Hira cave atop the Jabal al-Nur ("Mountain of Light"), just outside the city, is where Muslims believe the Quran was first revealed to Muhammad. Mecca is revered in Islam as the birthplace of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Mecca is generally considered "the fountainhead and cradle of Islam". Pilgrims more than triple this number every year during the Ḥajj pilgrimage, observed in the twelfth Hijri month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah. Its estimated metropolitan population in 2020 is 2.042 million, making it the third-most populated city in Saudi Arabia after Riyadh and Jeddah. Its last recorded population was 1,578,722 in 2015. It is 70 km (43 mi) inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. Mecca ( / ˈ m ɛ k ə/ officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city in Islam.
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